Brian Hall and Kevin Murphy, "Stock Options for Undiversified Executives," Journal of Accounting and Economics, 32, 2002, (p. 3).

We employ a certainty-equivalence framework to analyze the cost, value and pay/ performance sensitivity of non-tradable options held by undiversified, risk-averse executives. We derive "executive value" lines, the risk-adjusted analogues to Black-Scholes lines. We show that distinguishing between "executive value" and "company cost" provides insight into many issues regarding stock option practice including: executive views about Black Scholes values; tradeoffs between options, restricted stock and cash; exercise price policies; option repricings; early exercise policies and decisions; and the length of vesting periods. It also leads to reinterpretations of both cross-sectional facts and longitudinal trends in the level of executive compensation.

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